Q:What is Networking?
Inter connection between the two or more computers is called the networking. Using three types of network are Intranet, Internet and Extranet (Eg. LAN, WAN & MAN)

Q:What is Bandwidth?
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth. Every line has a capacity of transmission of data, The maximum amount of data that can be transferred in a single line is called Bandwidth.

Q:What is VLAN?
VLAN Stand for Virtual Local Area Network. It is a logical grouping of network users and resources connected to administratively defined ports on a switch.
Uses of VLAN are as follows:-
1. It is securied connection.
2. It increases flexibility.
3. It creates separate broadcast domain.

Q:What is CIDR?
CIDR Stands for classless inter domain routing. It helps in preventing the wasting of IP address and nowadays we are facing the shortage of the IP address.So this CIDR helps to prevent the waste of IP address.Shortly IPV6 will come into exist.

Q:What is VLSM?
VLSM stands for Variable length subnet mask, when try to separate a major subnet into minor ones, then that process is called VLSM. We can subnet in various lengths.
Eg: 1.1.1.0-/24 can be separated into 1.1.1.0-/30 and 1.1.1.4-/28

Q:What is unicast?
Unicast is one type of transmission in which information is sent from one host to another host (i.e Source to Destination). In another words, Unicast transmission is between one-to-one nodes

Unicast ---> A transmission to a single interface card.

Q:What is Multicast?
Multicast is such differ from Unicast. It is another type of transmission or communication in which there may be more than host and the information sent is meant for a set of host.(i.e one source to group of destination

Multicast ---> A transmission to a group of interface cards on the network.

Q:What is Broadcast?
Broadcast is one type of transmission in which information is transfer from just one host but is received by all the host connected to the network. (i.e one source to all destination)

Broadcast ---> A transmission to all interface cards on the network.

Q:What is ACL?

ACL stands of Access Control List, It is packet filtering method, which filter the IP packets based on source and destination address. It is set of rules or condition that permit or deny the ip packets.

Cisco ACLs are divided into types.
1. Standard ACL &
2. Extended ACL.

Standard ACL - Standard IP Access Lists ranging in number from 1 to 99. Standard ACL control the traffic based on the source IP address only.

Extended ACL - Extended IP Access Lists ranging in number from 100 to 199. Extended ACL control the traffic based on the source IP address, destination IP address, source port number and destination port number.

Q:What is CEF?

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) is an advanced layer 3 switching technology used mainly in large core networks or the Internet to enhance the overall network performance.

CEF is mainly used to increase packet switching speed by reducing the overhead and delays introduced by other routing techniques. CEF consists of two key components: The Forwarding Information Base (FIB) and adjacencies. The FIB is similar to the routing table generated by multiple routing protocols, maintaining only the next-hop address for a particular IP-route.

The adjacency maintains layer 2 or switching information linked to a particular FIB entry, avoiding the need for an ARP request for each table lookup. There are five types of adjacencies:

1. Null adjacency. 2. Punt adjacency. 3. Glean adjacency. 4. Discard adjacency. 5. Drop adjacency.

Q:What is CDP?

CDP Stand for Cisco Discovery Protocol, It's a Layer 2 protocol and used to check the availability of neighbouring Cisco devices. It can give you all the details of the neighbours. CDP provides network device inventory, connectivity information, and IP next hop information. CDP Version-2 (CDPv2) is the most recent release of the protocol and provides more intelligent device tracking features.

Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds and

Hold time is 180 seconds.

Q:What is SNMP?

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application layer protocol (Layer 1) that facilitates the exchange of management information between network devices. It is part of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite. SNMP enables network administrators to manage network performance, find and solve network problems, and plan for network growth.

Q:What is RIP and difference between Rip V1 & Rip V2?

RIP Stands for Routing information protocol. It is also called distance vector routing protocol. It is open standard for any vendor use. It uses metric as hop count (max hop count 15) AD 120. It sends periodic update for every 30 sec. It is used for small network.

Rip V1 1. It is a Class full Protocol. 2.Classful Protocol: - Supports networks with same Subnet Mask 3.RIPV1 uses Broadcast Address 4.RIPV1 Universal Broadcast (255.255.255.255) 5. RIPV1 does not VLSM.

Rip V2 1. It is a Classless Protocol. 2.Classless Protocol: - Supports subnetted networks; It carries the information of   subnet mask 3.RIP V2 uses Multicast Address 4. RIPV2 uses Multicast (224.0.0.9). 5.RIPV2 supports VLSM

Q:What is EIGRP?

EIGRP stands for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, it is also called balanced hybrid routing protocol or advanced distance vector routing protocol. Hello packets for every 5 sec, hold time 15 sec. It support for VLSM, the multicast address is 224.0.0.10. It maintain neighbour table, topology table & routing table

1. Neighbour – directly connected neighbour (feasible successor)
2. Topology – all path reach to destination (feasible successor)
3. Routing – best path (successor)

DUAL:  Diffusion update algorithm

1. Successor is available in routing table
2. If successor failed means it will take the feasible successor

DUAL Parameter

1. A.D = Advertised distance (Reported Distance)
2. F.D = Feasible distance

Reported Distance: The metric for a route advertised by a neighbour
Feasible distance: The distance advertised by a neighbour plus the cost to get to that neighbor

Q:What is OSPF?

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a dynamic routing protocol for use in Internet Protocol (IP) networks. OSPF is designated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Specifically, it is a link-state routing protocol and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols, operating within an autonomous system (AS). Unlimited router can be used. CPU usage will be high, to reduce the CPU Usage using area.

Q:What are the areas in OSPF?

• The backbone area, which is also referred to as Area 0. All other areas must connect to the backbone area. Hence, this area is obligatory.

• An ordinary or standard area, which is an area that connects to the backbone (Area 0) and is treated as a separate entity. All routers in a standard area have the same topological database, but their routing tables will be based on the routers position in the standard area and will thus be unique to the router.

• A stub area, which is an area that does not accept external summary routes. A router within a stub area can only see outside the autonomous system if a default route has been configuration for it.

• A totally stubby area, which is similar to a stub area. In this area, the default route must be configured as 0.0.0.0. This type of area is useful for remote sites that have few networks and limited connectivity with the rest of the network and is a Cisco proprietary solution.

• A not so stubby area (NSSA), which is a stub area that can receive external routes but will not propagate those external routes into the backbone area.

Q:What are the network types in OSPF?

1. Non broadcast - This is the default on frame relay networks has a DR/BDR election.  Neighbor command needed to establish adjacency.

2. Broadcast - This is the default on Ethernet/broadcast networks.  Does have DR/BDR election.

3. Point-to-point -  No DR/BDR election.  This one is pretty self explanatory.

4. Point-to-multipoint - Does not have a DR/BDR election. Solves some design issues with the next hop processing for NONBROADCAST.  Treats as a collection of P2P links.

5. Point-to-multipoint non broadcast - Same as P2M but does not use pseudo broadcast.  Must statically define neighbors.

6. Loopback - OSPF treats these as stub hosts. (/32)

Q:What are BGP and their attributes?

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an inter autonomous system routing protocol. An autonomous system is a network or group of networks under a common administration and with common routing policies. BGP is used to exchange routing information for the Internet and is the protocol used between Internet service providers (ISP). Customer networks, such as universities and corporations, usually employ an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) such as RIP or OSPF for the exchange of routing information within their networks. Customers connect to ISPs, and ISPs use BGP to exchange customer and ISP routes. When BGP is used between autonomous systems (AS), the protocol is referred to as External BGP (EBGP). If a service provider is using BGP to exchange routes within an AS, then the protocol is referred to as Interior BGP (IBGP).

BGP Attributes  are 1. Weight                                              5. AS_path 2. Local preference                                 6. Next hop 3. Multi-exit discriminator                         7. Community 4.Origin

Q:What is PPPoE?

Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is network protocols that allow data communication between two network entities or points, which supports network layer protocols including IPv4 and IPv6. PPP supports three types of user authentication protocols that provide varying levels of security.

1. PAP                          2.  CHAP                                3.  EAP

PAP	CHAP
1. Clear text	1. Encrypted
2. Less secure	2. High secure
3. Two way handshake method	3. Three way handshake method
Auth. Request	Challenge
Auth. Acknowledgment	Response
	Success
4. No periodic Check up	4. Periodical Check up

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is most commonly used for authentication on wireless networks

Q:What are the timers for dynamic routing protocol? Rip IGRP EIGRP OSPF Hello None None 60 sec 10 sec Update timers 30 sec 90 sec Dead timers 180 sec 3*hello 3*hello 4*hello Q:What is the AD Value for Dynamic routing protocols? Rip IGRP EIGRP OSPF BGP AD 120 100 90 110 20

1.      What is the difference between TCP and UDP

TCP is a connection oriented protocol, which means that everytime a packet is sent say from host A to B, we will get an acknowledgement. Whereas UDP on the other hand, is a connection less protocol.

Where will it be used : TCP -> Say you have a file transfer and you need to ensure that the file reaches intact, and time is not a factor, in such a case we can use TCP.

UDP-> Media Streaming, question is say you are watching a movie…would you prefer that your movie comes..perfectly….but u need to wait a long time before you see the next frame ?..or would you prefer the movie to keep streaming…Yes…The second option is definely better….This is when we need UDP

2.      What is a MAC address?

MAC is a machines Physical address, The internet is addressed based on a logical addressing approach. Say, when the packet reaches say the bridge connection a LAN, the question is..how does it identify, which computer it needs to send the packet to. For this it uses the concept of ARP, Address Resolution Protocol, which it uses over time to build up a table mapping from the Logical addresses to the Physical addresses. Each computer is identified using its MAC/Physical address ( u can use the ipconfig -all option to get ur MAC address).

3.      What is MTU?

The MTU is the “Maximum Transmission Unit” used by the TCP protocol. TCP stands for Transmission Control Prototcol. The MTU determines the size of packets used by TCP for each transmission of data. Too large of an MTU size may mean retransmissions if the packet encounters a router along its route that can’t handle that large a packet. Too small of an MTU size means relatively more overhead and more acknowledgements that have to be sent and handled. The MTU is rated in “octets” or groups of 8 bits. The so-called “official” internet standard MTU is 576, but the standard rating for ethernet is an MTU of 1500.

4.      Difference Between. Switch , Hub, Router..

Hub: 1.it is a layer1 device..used to connect various machine on Lan.
2.It forwards broadcast by default.
3.It supports one collision domain and one broadcast domain.
4.it works on Bus topology resulting less speed.
Switch: 1. A layer2 device.
2. Forward broadcast first time only.
3. one broadcast domain & collision domains depends on no. of ports.
4.It is based on Star Topology giving 100mbps to every pc on Lan.
Router: 1. Does not Broadcast by default.
2. breaks up Broadcast domain.
3. Also called Layer3 switch.

5.      VPN.....
VPN(Virtual Private Network )… these are basically the logical networks on the physical line… you can have many VPN over same line..
Need of VPN arises when your company need to increase the network but don’t want to buy any more switches.. take an eg. your dept. your room is packed with employees and ur company need to add 4 more persons to ur deptt. what will they do.. the solution is to create VPN’s…you can configure the switch ports in other deptts. and create a specific VLAN of ur deptt. So that the persons can sit there and access to the required pcs.

 

6.      ARP & RARP.....

      Stands for Address Resolution Protocol…whenever a request is sent by a node on one network to the node on another network the Physical address(MAC) is required and for this the IP address need to be flow over the network..whenever a router with that network (IP) gets the msg. the required MAC address is sent through the network this process of converting the IP address to MAC address is Called ARP..and the reverse thats the convertion of the Mac address to the IP address is called RARP ( Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

 

7.      What is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 in the OSI model?

Layer 2 is responsible for switching data whereas Layer 3 is responsible for routing the data.

Layer3: With information gathered from user, Internet protocol make one IP packet with source IP and Destination IP and other relevant information. It can then route packet through router to the destination.

Layer2: Soon after it receives IP packet from layer 3, it encapsulate it with frame header (ATM header in case of ATM technology) and send it out for switching. In case of Ethernet it will send data to MAC address there by it can reach to exact destination. 

General Windows Keystrokes

Get Help – F1

Open the Start Menu – WINDOWS LOGO KEY or CTRL+ESC

Switch between Open Applications – ALT+TAB

Open the Shortcut Menu – APPLICATIONS KEY or SHIFT+F10

Minimize all Applications – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+M

Find a File or Folder from Desktop – F3

Move to First Item on the Taskbar – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+TAB

Open Windows Explorer – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+E

Open Run Dialog – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+R

Application Keystrokes

Exit the Active Application – ALT+F4

     Open the Application Control Menu – ALT+SPACEBAR

      Move to the Menu Bar – ALT

      Move between Menus – ALT, ARROW KEYS

      Choose a Menu Item – ENTER

      Open a child Window Control Menu – ALT+DASH

Cancel or close a Menu – ESC or ALT

Working in Dialog Boxes

Move through Dialog Controls – TAB

Move Backward through Dialog Controls – SHIFT+TAB

Move to Another Page – CTRL+TAB

Reverse Direction through Pages – CTRL+SHIFT+TAB

Select/Deselect in List View – SPACEBAR or CTRL+SPACEBAR

Toggle a Check Box ON/OFF – SPACEBAR

Working with Text

       Move One Character Left – LEFT ARROW

       Move One Character Right – RIGHT ARROW

       Move One Word Left – CTRL+LEFT ARROW

       Move One Word Right – CTRL+RIGHT ARROW

       Move to Beginning of Line – HOME

       Move to End of Line – END

       Move One Paragraph Up – CTRL+UP ARROW

       Move One Paragraph Down – CTRL+DOWN ARROW

       Move to Beginning of Document – CTRL+HOME

       Move to End of Document – CTRL+END

       Scroll Up or Down One Screen – PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN

       Select One Character Left – SHIFT+LEFT ARROW

       Select One Character Right – SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW

       Select One Word Left – CTRL+SHIFT+LEFF ARROW

        Select One Word Right – CTRL+SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW 

       Select to Beginning of Line – SHIFT+HOME

       Select to End of Line – SHIFT+END

       Select to Beginning of Document – CTRL+SHIFT+HOME

         Select to End of Document – CTRL+SHIFT+END

         Select All – CTRL+A

         Undo – CTRL+Z

         Delete Current Character – DELETE

         Delete Prior Character  – BACKSPACE

Working in Windows Explorer

Delete Selected File or Folder  – DELETE

Rename Selected File or Folder – F2

Refresh Window – F5

Switch Between Tree View and List View – F6 or TAB

Go Up One Folder Level – BACKSPACE

Open File or Folder Properties – ALT+ENTER

Untruncate Columns in List View – CTRL+NUM PAD PLUS 

Using the Clipboard

Copy Selected File or Text to Clipboard – CTRL+C

Cut Selected File or Text to Clipboard – CTRL+X

Paste Contents of Clipboard – CTRL+V

Windows System Key Combinations

CTRL+ESC - Open Start menu

ALT+TAB - Switch between open programs

ALT+F4 - Quit program

SHIFT+DELETE - Delete items permanently

Windows Program Key Combinations

CTRL+C - Copy

CTRL+X - Cut

CTRL+V - Paste

CTRL+Z - Undo

CTRL+B - Bold

CTRL+U - Underline

CTRL+I - Italic

Mouse Click/Keyboard Modifier Combinations for Shell Objects

SHIFT+RIGHT CLICK - Displays a context menu containing alternative verbs.

SHIFT+DOUBLE CLICK - Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu).

ALT+DOUBLE CLICK - Displays properties.

SHIFT+DELETE - Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin.

General Keyboard-Only Commands

F1 - Starts Windows Help.

F10 - Activates menu bar options.

SHIFT+F10 - Opens a context menu for the selected item. This is the same as right-clicking anobject.

CTRL+ESC - Opens the Start menu. Use the ARROW keys to select an item.

CTRL+ESC, ESC - Selects the Start button. (Press TAB to select quick launch, the taskbar, system tray)

ALT+DOWN ARROW - Opens a drop-down list box.

ALT+TAB - Switch to another running application. Hold down the ALT key and then press the TAB key to view the task-switching window.

Press down and hold the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the auto-run feature.

ALT+SPACE - Displays the main window's System menu. From the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window.

ALT+- (ALT+hyphen) - Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu. From the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the child window.

CTRL+TAB - Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI) application.

ALT+ - Opens the corresponding menu.

ALT+F4 - Closes the current window.

ALT+DOWN ARROW - Opens a drop-down list box.

CTRL+F4 - Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window.

ALT+F6 - Switch between multiple windows in the same program. For example, when the Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window.

Shell Objects and General Folder/Windows Explorer Shortcuts

F2 - Rename object

F3 - Find: All Files

CTRL+X - Cut

CTRL+C - Copy

CTRL+V - Paste

SHIFT+DEL - Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin.

ALT+ENTER - Open the property sheet for the selected object.

To Copy a File - Press down and hold the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.

To Create a Shortcut - Press down and hold CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.

General Folder/Shortcut Control

F4 - Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer).

F5 - Refreshes the current window.

F6 - Moves among panes in Windows Explorer.

CTRL+G - Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only).

CTRL+Z - Undo the last command.

CTRL+A - Select all the items in the current window.

BACKSPACE - Switch to the parent folder.

SHIFT+CLICK - Close Button For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders.

Windows Explorer Tree Control

Numeric Keypad * - Expands everything under the current selection.

Numeric Keypad + - Expands the current selection.

Numeric Keypad - - Collapses the current selection.

RIGHT ARROW - Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the first child.

LEFT ARROW - Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent.

Property Sheet Control

CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB - Move through the property tabs.

Accessibility Shortcuts

Tap SHIFT 5 times - Toggles StickyKeys on and off.

Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for 8 seconds - Toggles FilterKeys on and off.

Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for 5 seconds - Toggles ToggleKeys on and off.

Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK - Toggles MouseKeys on and off.

Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN - Toggles High Contrast on and off.

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Keys

WINDOWS - Start Menu

WINDOWS+R - Run dialog box

WINDOWS+M - Minimize All

SHIFT+WINDOWS+M - Undo Minimize All

WINDOWS+F1 - Help

WINDOWS+E - Windows Explorer

WINDOWS+F - Find Files or Folders

WINDOWS+D - Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop

CTRL+WINDOWS+F - Find Computer

CTRL+WINDOWS+TAB - Moves focus from Start, to Quick Launch bar, to System Tray. Use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on Quick Launch bar and System Tray

WINDOWS+TAB - Cycle through taskbar buttons

WINDOWS+BREAK - System Properties dialog box

Application key - Displays a context menu for the selected item

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType Software Installed

WINDOWS+L - Log off Windows

WINDOWS+P - Opens Print Manager

WINDOWS+C - Opens Control Panel

WINDOWS+V - Opens Clipboard

WINDOWS+K - Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box

WINDOWS+I - Opens Mouse Properties dialog box

WINDOWS+A - Opens Accessibility Options(if installed)

WINDOWS+SPACEBAR - Displays the list of IntelliType Hotkeys

WINDOWS+S - Toggles the CAP LOCK key on and off

Dialog Box Keyboard Commands

TAB - Move to the next control in the dialog box.

SHIFT+TAB - Move to the previous control in the dialog box.

SPACEBAR - If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option button, this selects the option button.

ENTER - Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline).

ESC - Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button.

ALT+ - Select menu item.